Measuring Groundwater Flow Velocities near Drinking Water Extraction Wells in Unconsolidated Sediments

Groundwater is an important source of drinking water in coastal regions with predominantly unconsolidated sediments. To protect and manage extraction wells these regions, reliable estimates groundwater flow velocities around well fields are paramount importance. Such measurements help to identify the dynamics its response stresses, optimize resources management, calibrate models. In this article, we review approaches for measuring relatively high velocity near wells. We discuss their potential limitations use environment. Environmental tracer found be useful regional scale directions, but limited Surface-based hydrogeophysical can potentially provide insight into patterns, although depth large-scale measurement setups. Active-heating distributed temperature sensing (AH-DTS) provides direct situ monitor fluctuations Combining geoelectrical AH-DTS shows estimate a 3D distribution fully towards